ansible可以使用命令行方式進(jìn)行自動(dòng)化管理，基本語(yǔ)法如下：

ansible 主機(jī)名 -m 模塊名稱 -a 模塊特有參數(shù)

ansible的命令行管理工具都是由一系列模塊、參數(shù)所支持的，可以在命令后面加上-h或–help獲取幫助。如使用ansible-doc -h或者ansible-doc –help查看其幫助信息

ansible-doc是用來(lái)查看模塊幫助信息的工具，最主要的選項(xiàng) -l用來(lái)列出可使用的模塊， -s用來(lái)列出某個(gè)模塊的描述信息和使用示例。

以下是我列出yum模塊的描述信息和操作動(dòng)作：

[root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s yum
– name: Manages packages with the `yum’ package manager
  yum:
      allow_downgrade:      # Specify if the named package and version is
                              allowed to
                              downgrade a maybe
                              already installed
                              higher version of
                              that package.
                              Note that setting
                              allow_downgrade=T
                              rue can make this
                              module behave in
                              a non-idempotent
                              way.

Ansible自帶了很多模塊，能夠下發(fā)執(zhí)行Ansible的各種管理任務(wù)。下面我列出一些較為常用的模塊。
1 command模塊
ansible管理工具使用-m選項(xiàng)來(lái)指定使用模塊，默認(rèn)使用command模塊，即-m選項(xiàng)省略時(shí)會(huì)運(yùn)行次模塊，用于在被管理主機(jī)上運(yùn)行命令

[root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s command
– name: Executes a command on a remote node
  command:
      argv:                  # Allows the user to provide the command as a list
                              vs. a string.
                              Only the string
                              or the list form
                              can be provided,
                              not both.  One or
                              the other must be
                              provided.
      chdir:                # Change into this directory before running the
                              command.
      creates:              # A filename or (since 2.0) glob pattern. If it
                              already exists,
                              this step *won’t*
                              be run.

ansible-doc -l    #列出所有已安裝的模塊 注：按q退出
ansible-doc -s yum    #-s列出yum模塊描述信息和操作動(dòng)作
ansible 192.168.199.130 -m command -a ‘date’    #指定IP執(zhí)行date
ansible web -m command -a ‘date’    #指定分類執(zhí)行date
ansible all -m command -a ‘date’    #所有hosts主機(jī)執(zhí)行date
ansible all -a ‘ls /’    #如果不加-m模塊，則默認(rèn)運(yùn)行command模塊

下面我在ansible服務(wù)器上執(zhí)行‘date’命令來(lái)查看被管理主機(jī)的時(shí)間：

[root@promote ~]# ansible all -a ‘date’
192.168.199.131 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
2018年 10月 22日 星期一 22:35:53 CST

192.168.199.130 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
2018年 10月 22日 星期一 22:35:53 CST

2 cron 模塊
Ansible中的cron模塊用于定義計(jì)劃任務(wù)。其中兩種狀態(tài)（state）：present表示添加（省略狀態(tài)時(shí)默認(rèn)使用），absent表示移除

[root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s cron              #查看cron模塊信息
– name: Manage cron.d and crontab entries
  cron:
      backup:                # If set, create a backup of the crontab before it
                              is modified. The
                              location of the
                              backup is
                              returned in the
                              `backup_file’
                              variable by this
                              module.
……

添加任務(wù)計(jì)劃：

[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m cron -a ‘minute=”*/1″ job=”/usr/bin/echo hehe” name=”test hehe”‘
192.168.199.130 | SUCCESS => {
    “changed”: false,
    “envs”: [],
    “jobs”: [
        “test hehe”
    ]
}
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -a ‘crontab -l’            #查看web主機(jī)的計(jì)劃性任務(wù)
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: test hehe
*/1 * * * * /usr/bin/echo hehe

移除任務(wù)計(jì)劃：

[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m cron -a ‘name=”test hehe” state=absent’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
    “changed”: true,
    “envs”: [],
    “jobs”: []
}
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -a ‘crontab -l’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

3 user模塊
ansible中的user模塊用于創(chuàng)建新用戶和更改，刪除已存在的用戶，其中name項(xiàng)用來(lái)指明創(chuàng)建的用戶名稱
user模塊是請(qǐng)求的是useadd，userdel，usermod三個(gè)指令

創(chuàng)建一個(gè)名為test01的用戶：

[root@promote ~]# ansible all -m user -a ‘name=test01’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
    “changed”: true,
    “comment”: “”,
    “create_home”: true,
    “group”: 1001,
    “home”: “/home/test01”,
    “name”: “test01”,
    “shell”: “/bin/bash”,
    “state”: “present”,
    “system”: false,
    “uid”: 1001
}

刪除test01用戶：

[root@promote ~]# ansible all -m user -a ‘name=test01 state=absent’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
    “changed”: true,
    “force”: false,
    “name”: “test01”,
    “remove”: false,
    “state”: “absent”
}

4 group 模塊
ansible中的group模塊用于對(duì)用戶組進(jìn)行管理
group模塊請(qǐng)求的是groupadd，groupdel,groupmod三個(gè)指令

[root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s group
– name: Add or remove groups
 group:
 gid:                  # Optional `GID’ to set for the group.
 name:                  # (required) Name of the group to manage.
 state:                # Whether the group should be present or not onthe remote host.
 system:                # If `yes’, indicates that the group created is asystem group.

下面我創(chuàng)建mysql組，將mysql用戶添加到mysql組中

[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m group -a ‘name=mysql gid=306 system=yes’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
    “changed”: true,
    “gid”: 306,
    “name”: “mysql”,
    “state”: “present”,
    “system”: true
}

[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m user -a ‘name=mysql uid=306 system=yes group=mysql’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
    “changed”: true,
    “comment”: “”,
    “create_home”: true,
    “group”: 306,
    “home”: “/home/mysql”,
    “name”: “mysql”,
    “shell”: “/bin/bash”,
    “state”: “present”,
    “system”: true,
    “uid”: 306
}

5 copy 模塊
ansible中的copy模塊用于實(shí)現(xiàn)文件復(fù)制和批量下發(fā)文件。其中使用src來(lái)定義本地源文件路徑，使用dest定義被管理主機(jī)文件路徑，使用content則是通過(guò)指定信息內(nèi)容生成目標(biāo)文件。

[root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s copy                  #查看copy模塊指令
– name: Copies files to remote locations
  copy:
      attributes:            # Attributes the file or directory should have. To get
                              supported flags look
                              at the man page for
                              `chattr’ on the target
                              system. This string
                              should contain the
                              attributes in the same
                              order as the one
                              displayed by `lsattr’.
                              `=’ operator is
                              assumed as default,
                              otherwise `+’ or `-‘
                              operators need to be
                              included in the
                              string.

下面我將本地文件/etc/fstab復(fù)制到被管理主機(jī)上的/opt/fstab.bk，所有者設(shè)置為root，權(quán)限設(shè)置為640

[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m copy -a ‘src=/etc/fstab dest=/opt/fstab.bk owner=root mode=644’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
    “changed”: true,
    “checksum”: “a8b8566b1d9f28b55823c8f61f88d35d81014418”,
    “dest”: “/opt/fstab.bk”,
    “gid”: 0,
    “group”: “root”,
    “md5sum”: “f25dda38d8c7bb5988c8607bc2a9a17b”,
    “mode”: “0644”,
    “owner”: “root”,
    “secontext”: “system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0”,
    “size”: 595,
    “src”: “/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1540220785.51-128147354820010/source”,
    “state”: “file”,
    “uid”: 0
}

[root@web ~]# ll /opt/fstab.bk
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 595 10月 22 23:06 /opt/fstab.bk

接著我將”hello”寫(xiě)入“/opt/fstab.bk”

[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m copy -a ‘content=”hello!” dest=/opt/fstab.bk’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
    “changed”: true,
    “checksum”: “8f7d88e901a5ad3a05d8cc0de93313fd76028f8c”,
    “dest”: “/opt/fstab.bk”,
    “gid”: 0,
    “group”: “root”,
    “md5sum”: “5a8dd3ad0756a93ded72b823b19dd877”,
    “mode”: “0644”,
    “owner”: “root”,
    “secontext”: “system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0”,
    “size”: 6,
    “src”: “/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1540221051.34-78743719487515/source”,
    “state”: “file”,
    “uid”: 0
}

[root@web ~]# cat /opt/fstab.bk
hello!

6 file 模塊
在ansible中使用file模塊來(lái)設(shè)置文件屬性。其中使用path指定文件路徑，使用src定義源文件路徑，使用name或dest來(lái)替換創(chuàng)建文件的符號(hào)鏈接。
下面我將web服務(wù)器中的fstab.bk文件屬主設(shè)為mysql，屬組設(shè)為mysql，權(quán)限設(shè)為666

[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m file -a ‘path=/opt/fstab.bk owner=mysql group=mysql mode=666’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
    “changed”: true,
    “gid”: 306,
    “group”: “mysql”,
    “mode”: “0666”,
    “owner”: “mysql”,
    “path”: “/opt/fstab.bk”,
    “secontext”: “system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0”,
    “size”: 6,
    “state”: “file”,
    “uid”: 306
}

[root@web ~]# ll /opt/fstab.bk
-rw-rw-rw-. 1 mysql mysql 6 10月 22 23:10 /opt/fstab.bk

下面我為/opt/fstab.bk/創(chuàng)建一個(gè)鏈接文件

[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m file -a ‘src=/opt/fstab.bk path=/opt/fstab.bk.link state=link’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
    “changed”: true,
    “dest”: “/opt/fstab.bk.link”,
    “gid”: 0,
    “group”: “root”,
    “mode”: “0777”,
    “owner”: “root”,
    “secontext”: “unconfined_u:object_r:usr_t:s0”,
    “size”: 13,
    “src”: “/opt/fstab.bk”,
    “state”: “link”,
    “uid”: 0
}

[root@web opt]# ll fstab.bk.link
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 10月 22 23:23 fstab.bk.link -> /opt/fstab.bk

7 ping 模塊
在ansible中使用ping模塊來(lái)檢測(cè)指定主機(jī)的連通性

[root@promote ~]# ansible all -m ping     
192.168.199.130 | SUCCESS => {
    “changed”: false,
    “ping”: “pong”
}
192.168.199.131 | SUCCESS => {
    “changed”: false,
    “ping”: “pong”
}

8 yum 模塊
ansible中的yum模塊負(fù)責(zé)在被管理主機(jī)上安裝與卸載軟件包，但是需要提前在每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)配置自己的yum倉(cāng)庫(kù)。其中name指定要安裝的軟件包，還需要帶上軟件包的版本號(hào)，否則安裝最新的軟件包，使用state指定安裝軟件包的狀態(tài)，present,latest用來(lái)表示安裝，absent表示卸載。

[root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s yum
– name: Manages packages with the `yum’ package manager
  yum:
      allow_downgrade:      # Specify if the named package and version is allowed
                              to downgrade a maybe
                              already installed
                              higher version of that
                              package.

在web服務(wù)器上安裝httpd服務(wù)：

[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m yum -a ‘name=httpd’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
    “ansible_facts”: {
        “pkg_mgr”: “yum”
    },
    “changed”: true,
    “msg”: “warning: /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEYnhttp://mirrors.njupt.edu.cn/CentOS/7.5.1804/os/x86_64/Packages/apr-1.4.8-3.el7_4.1.x86_64.rpm: [Errno 14] HTTP Error 302 – FoundnTrying other mirror.nImporting GPG key 0xF4A80EB5:n Userid    : “CentOS-7 Key (CentOS 7 Official Signing Key) <security@centos.org>”n Fingerprint: 6341 ab27 53d7 8a78 a7c2 7bb1 24c6 a8a7 f4a8 0eb5n Package    : centos-release-7-4.1708.el7.centos.x86_64 (@anaconda)n From      : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7n”,
    “rc”: 0,
    “results”: [
        “Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksnLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfilen * base: mirrors.njupt.edu.cnn * extras: mirrors.nju.edu.cnn * updates: mirrors.njupt.edu.cnnResolving Dependenciesn–> Running transaction checkn—> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 will be installedn–> Processing Dependency: httpd-tools = 2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 for package: httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64n–> Processing Dependency: /etc/mime.types for package: httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64n–> Processing Dependency: libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64n–> Processing Dependency: libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64n–> Running transaction checkn—> Package apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-3.el7_4.1 will be installedn—> Package apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7 will be installedn—> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 will be installedn—> Package mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7 will be installedn–> Finished Dependency ResolutionnnDependencies Resolvednn================================================================================n Package          Arch        Version                    Repository    Sizen================================================================================nInstalling:n httpd            x86_64      2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1      updates      2.7 MnInstalling for dependencies:n apr              x86_64      1.4.8-3.el7_4.1            base          103 kn apr-util          x86_64      1.5.2-6.el7                base          92 kn httpd-tools      x86_64      2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1      updates        90 kn mailcap          noarch      2.1.41-2.el7                base          31 knnTransaction Summaryn================================================================================nInstall  1 Package (+4 Dependent packages)nnTotal download size: 3.0 MnInstalled size: 10 MnDownloading packages:nPublic key for mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch.rpm is not installednPublic key for httpd-tools-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64.rpm is not installedn——————————————————————————–nTotal                                              143 kB/s | 3.0 MB  00:21    nRetrieving key from file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7nRunning transaction checknRunning transaction testnTransaction test succeedednRunning transactionn  Installing : apr-1.4.8-3.el7_4.1.x86_64                                  1/5 n  Installing : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64                                  2/5 n  Installing : httpd-tools-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64                    3/5 n  Installing : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch                                  4/5 n  Installing : httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64                          5/5 n  Verifying  : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch                                  1/5 n  Verifying  : httpd-tools-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64                    2/5 n  Verifying  : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64                                  3/5 n  Verifying  : apr-1.4.8-3.el7_4.1.x86_64                                  4/5 n  Verifying  : httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64                          5/5 nnInstalled:n  httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1                                          nnDependency Installed:n  apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-3.el7_4.1                  apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7  n  httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1    mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7  nnComplete!n”
    ]
}

[root@web ~]# rpm -q httpd                  #在web服務(wù)器上進(jìn)行查看
httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64

卸載的命令為ansible web -m yum -a ‘name=httpd state=absent’ 這里為了我下面的實(shí)驗(yàn)就先不卸載了

9 service 模塊
在ansible模塊中使用service模塊來(lái)控制管理服務(wù)的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。其中，使用enabled表示是否開(kāi)機(jī)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)，取值為true或者false;使用name定義服務(wù)名稱；使用state指定服務(wù)狀態(tài)，取值分別為start,stopped,restarted.

下面我先查看web服務(wù)器上的httpd服務(wù)的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)

[root@promote ~]# ansible web -a ‘systemctl status httpd.service’
192.168.199.130 | FAILED | rc=3 >>            #可以看到現(xiàn)在httpd服務(wù)是關(guān)閉狀態(tài)
● httpd.service – The Apache HTTP Server
  Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)

接著我開(kāi)啟web服務(wù)器上的httpd服務(wù)，并設(shè)為開(kāi)機(jī)自啟動(dòng)

[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m service -a ‘enabled=true name=httpd state=started’
192.168.199.130 | SUCCESS => {
    “changed”: false,
    “enabled”: true,
    “name”: “httpd”,
    “state”: “started”,
    “status”: {
[root@web ~]# systemctl status httpd.service              #到web服務(wù)器上查看狀態(tài)
● httpd.service – The Apache HTTP Server
  Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
  Active: active (running) since 一 2018-10-22 23:47:51 CST; 2min 58s ago          #可以看到服務(wù)為運(yùn)行狀態(tài)

最后我將web服務(wù)器的httpd服務(wù)進(jìn)行關(guān)閉

[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m service -a ‘name=httpd enabled=true state=stopped’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
    “changed”: true,
    “enabled”: true,
    “name”: “httpd”,
    “state”: “stopped”,
    “status”: {
[root@web ~]# systemctl status httpd.service          #再次到web服務(wù)器進(jìn)行查看
● httpd.service – The Apache HTTP Server
  Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
  Active: inactive (dead) since 一 2018-10-22 23:54:30 CST; 25s ago                        #可以看到httpd已經(jīng)關(guān)閉

10 shell 模塊
ansible中的shell模塊可以在被管理主機(jī)上運(yùn)行命令，并支持像管道符號(hào)等功能的復(fù)雜命令。

[root@promote ~]# ansible-doc -s shell
– name: Execute commands in nodes.
  shell:
      chdir:                # cd into this directory before running the command
      creates:              # a filename, when it already exists, this step will
                              *not* be run.
      executable:            # change the shell used to execute the command. Should
                              be an absolute path to
                              the executable.
      free_form:            # (required) The shell module takes a free form command
                              to run, as a string.
                              There’s not an actual
                              option named “free
                              form”.  See the
                              examples!
      removes:              # a filename, when it does not exist, this step will
                              *not* be run.
      stdin:                # Set the stdin of the command directly to the
                              specified value.
      warn:                  # if command warnings are on in ansible.cfg, do not
                              warn about this
                              particular line if set
                              to no/false.

下面我創(chuàng)建一個(gè)Jerry用戶，并為這個(gè)用戶設(shè)置密碼：

[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m user -a ‘name=jerry’              #創(chuàng)建Jerry用戶
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
    “changed”: true,
    “comment”: “”,
    “create_home”: true,
    “group”: 1001,
    “home”: “/home/jerry”,
    “name”: “jerry”,
    “shell”: “/bin/bash”,
    “state”: “present”,
    “system”: false,
    “uid”: 1001
}
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m shell -a ‘echo 123456 | passwd –stdin jerry’            #為用戶設(shè)置密碼為123456
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
更改用戶 jerry 的密碼 。
passwd：所有的身份驗(yàn)證令牌已經(jīng)成功更新。

11 script 模塊
ansible中的script模塊可以將本地腳本復(fù)制到被管理主機(jī)上進(jìn)行運(yùn)行。需要注意的是，使用相對(duì)路徑來(lái)指定腳本。

[root@promote ~]# vim test.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo “this is test script” > /opt/script.txt
chmod 666 /opt/script.txt                        #寫(xiě)一個(gè)腳本，表示在/opt/創(chuàng)建一個(gè)script.txt文件，權(quán)限設(shè)為666

[root@promote ~]# chmod +x test.sh
[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m script -a ‘test.sh’
192.168.199.130 | CHANGED => {
    “changed”: true,
    “rc”: 0,
    “stderr”: “Shared connection to 192.168.199.130 closed.rn”,
    “stderr_lines”: [
        “Shared connection to 192.168.199.130 closed.”
    ],
    “stdout”: “”,
    “stdout_lines”: []
}
[root@web ~]# ls -l /opt/script.txt                    #到web服務(wù)器上進(jìn)行查看
-rw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 20 10月 23 00:07 /opt/script.txt
[root@web ~]# cat /opt/script.txt
this is test script

12 setup 模塊
在ansible中使用setup模塊收集，查看被管理主機(jī)的facts（faces是ansible采集被管理主機(jī)設(shè)備信息的一個(gè)功能）。每個(gè)被管理主機(jī)在接受并運(yùn)行管理命令之前，都會(huì)將自己的相關(guān)信息發(fā)送給控制主機(jī)。

[root@promote ~]# ansible web -m setup          #對(duì)web服務(wù)器進(jìn)行查看，顯示的信息非常多，這里我只選了一部分
192.168.199.130 | SUCCESS => {
    “ansible_facts”: {
        “ansible_all_ipv4_addresses”: [
            “192.168.122.1”,
            “192.168.199.130”
        ],
        “ansible_all_ipv6_addresses”: [
            “fe80::a392:f598:b619:50”
        ],
        “ansible_apparmor”: {
            “status”: “disabled”
        },
        “ansible_architecture”: “x86_64”,
        “ansible_bios_date”: “05/19/2017”,
        “ansible_bios_version”: “6.00”,
        “ansible_cmdline”: {
            “BOOT_IMAGE”: “/boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64”,
            “LANG”: “zh_CN.UTF-8”,
            “crashkernel”: “auto”,
            “quiet”: true,
            “rhgb”: true,
            “ro”: true,
            “root”: “UUID=1eead85f-d0ea-464e-b163-f9c7475dbf65”
        },
………..