PHP是單繼承的語(yǔ)言,在PHP 5.4 Traits出現(xiàn)之前,PHP的類無(wú)法同時(shí)從兩個(gè)基類繼承屬性或方法,為了解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題,php出了Trait這個(gè)特性。(Traits和Go語(yǔ)言的組合功能有點(diǎn)類似)
用法:通過(guò)在類中使用use關(guān)鍵字聲明要組合的Trait名稱,而具體某個(gè)Trait的聲明使用trait關(guān)鍵詞,Trait不能直接實(shí)例化。
<?php trait Drive { public $carName = 'BMW'; public function driving() { echo "driving {$this->carName}n"; } } class Person { public function age() { echo "i am 18 years oldn"; } } class Student extends Person { use Drive; public function study() { echo "Learn to drive n"; } } $student = new Student(); $student->study(); //輸出:Learn to drive $student->age(); //輸出:i am 18 years old $student->driving();//輸出:driving BMW
結(jié)論:
Student類通過(guò)繼承Person,有了age方法
通過(guò)組合Drive,有了driving方法和屬性carName。
如果Trait、基類和本類中都存在某個(gè)同名的屬性或者方法,最終會(huì)保留哪一個(gè)呢?通過(guò)下面的代碼測(cè)試一下:
<?php trait Drive { public function hello() { echo "hello 周伯通n"; } public function driving() { echo "周伯通不會(huì)開車n"; } } class Person { public function hello() { echo "hello 大家好n"; } public function driving() { echo "大家都會(huì)開車n"; } } class Student extends Person { use Drive;//trait 的方法覆蓋了基類Person中的方法,所以Person中的hello 和driving被覆蓋 public function hello() { echo "hello 新學(xué)員n";//當(dāng)方法或?qū)傩酝麜r(shí),當(dāng)前類中的方法會(huì)覆蓋 trait的 方法,所以此處hello會(huì)覆蓋trait中的 hello } } $student = new Student(); $student->hello(); //輸出:hello 新學(xué)員 $student->driving(); //輸出:周伯通不會(huì)開車
結(jié)論:當(dāng)方法或?qū)傩酝麜r(shí),當(dāng)前類中的方法會(huì)覆蓋 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆蓋了基類中的方法。
如果要組合多個(gè)Trait,通過(guò)逗號(hào)分隔 Trait名稱:
use Trait1, Trait2;
如果多個(gè)Trait中包含同名方法或者屬性時(shí),會(huì)怎樣呢?答案是當(dāng)組合的多個(gè)Trait包含同名屬性或者方法時(shí),需要明確聲明解決沖突,否則會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)致命錯(cuò)誤。
<?php trait Trait1 { public function hello() { echo "Trait1::hellon"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait1::hin"; } } trait Trait2 { public function hello() { echo "Trait2::hellon"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait2::hin"; } } class Class1 { use Trait1, Trait2; } //輸出:Fatal error: Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in
使用insteadof和as操作符來(lái)解決沖突,insteadof是使用某個(gè)方法替代另一個(gè),而as是給方法取一個(gè)別名,具體用法請(qǐng)看代碼:
<?php trait Trait1 { public function hello() { echo "Trait1::hello n"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait1::hi n"; } } trait Trait2 { public function hello() { echo "Trait2::hellon"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait2::hin"; } } class Class1 { use Trait1, Trait2 { Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1; Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2; } } class Class2 { use Trait1, Trait2 { Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1; Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2; Trait2::hi as hei; Trait1::hello as hehe; } } $Obj1 = new Class1(); $Obj1->hello(); $Obj1->hi(); echo "n"; $Obj2 = new Class2(); $Obj2->hello(); $Obj2->hi(); $Obj2->hei(); $Obj2->hehe();
輸出
Trait2::hello Trait1::hi Trait2::hello Trait1::hi Trait2::hi Trait1::hello
<?php trait Hello { public function hello() { echo "hello,我是周伯通n"; } } class Class1 { use Hello { hello as protected; } } class Class2 { use Hello { Hello::hello as private hi; } } $Obj1 = new Class1(); $Obj1->hello(); # 報(bào)致命錯(cuò)誤,因?yàn)閔ello方法被修改成受保護(hù)的 $Obj2 = new Class2(); $Obj2->hello(); # 輸出: hello,我是周伯通,因?yàn)樵瓉?lái)的hello方法仍然是公共的 $Obj2->hi(); # 報(bào)致命錯(cuò)誤,因?yàn)閯e名hi方法被修改成私有的
Uncaught Error: Call to protected method Class1::hello() from context '' in D:webmytestp.php:18
Trait 也能組合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、靜態(tài)屬性及靜態(tài)方法,測(cè)試代碼如下:
<?php trait Hello { public function sayHello() { echo "Hello 我是周伯通n"; } } trait World { use Hello; public function sayWorld() { echo "hello worldn"; } abstract public function getWorld(); public function inc() { static $c = 0; $c = $c + 1; echo "$cn"; } public static function doSomething() { echo "Doing somethingn"; } } class HelloWorld { use World; public function getWorld() { return 'do you get World ?'; } } $Obj = new HelloWorld(); $Obj->sayHello(); $Obj->sayWorld(); echo $Obj->getWorld() . "n"; HelloWorld::doSomething(); $Obj->inc(); $Obj->inc();
輸出
Hello 我是周伯通 hello world do you get World ? Doing something12